The Nightmare Room #8: Shadow Girl
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Principles and Methods for the Assessment of Risk from Essential Trace Elements
The risk assessment approach described in this monograph applies only to essential trace elements (ETEs) involved in human health and not to non-essential elements. The purpose of this monograph is to provide the scientific principles that support the concept of an ''acceptable range of oral intake'' (AROI), which uses a ''homeostatic model'' for determining the range of dietary intakes for essential trace elements (ETEs) that meet the nutritional requirements of a healthy population and avoid excess intakes. To facilitate comparisons, AROIs are discussed in relation to other risk assessment approaches. Although it includes examples, this monograph is not a compendium of assessments on ETEs, nor is it a textbook detailing the scientific basis of risk assessment of the derivation of dietary reference intakes. Described in the book is the process of risk assessment which begins with the selection of the database for a particular ETE. A weight-of-evidence approach is then used for hazard identification, selecting relevant end-point of deficient and excess exposures. Next, the probability of risk and the severity of various effects are quantified and critical effects are selected. The AROI is then established by balancing end-points of comparable health significance. At this time, the exposure assessment is conducted. Finally, a risk characterization enumerating the strengths and weaknesses of the databases is performed, integrating the AROI and exposure assessment. ''... The amount of work which is entailed in these volumes is very great and the low cost does not reflect the time of experts, travelling, nor even the hours expended UN staff in Geneva... This well informed book with its predecessors in the series is essential reading for biologists, chemists and medical professionals concerned with essential trace elements.''
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Diagnostics for Tuberculosis - Global Demand and Market Potential
In this report the World Health Organization's Special Programme for Tropical Diseases Research (TDR), in collaboration with the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), has compiled existing epidemiological data and generated a wealth of new data on the availability of TB laboratory services, variations in physician diagnostic practices, workloads of national laboratory networks, and manufacturer's sales to authoritatively document the volume and market value of TB diagnostic testing in nearly 200 countries. Customer requirements and R& D opportunities are clarified, and the major scientific, financial and market entry challenges specific to TB diagnostic development are presented alongside short and long term strategies and solutions. Furthermore, the potential future TB diagnostic market is estimated for a range of hypothetical new diagnostic tests covering the three major testing indications. Fourteen countries are profiled in detail to complement the global perspective. This report, drafted with extensive input from experts in tuberculosis and public health as well as from private industry, provides essential data and knowledge to dispel common myths and inform investment decisions by industry, foundations, government organizations and world health and financial organizations. The report is comprised of seven chapters, fourteen country profiles and an appendix addressing global in vitro diagnostic regulatory practices and classification schemes.
Health Disparities in Youth and Families
Amid its growing diversity and shifting demographics, the U.S. is still home to glaring health inequities by race, ethnicity, and class. Yet while it is customary to identify poverty as their root cause, other complex mechanisms are involved in their perpetuation. Based on recent major studies on African-American, Latino, Asian-American, and Native American populations, "Health Disparities in Youth and Families" offers a thorough, nuanced examination of a wide range of causal - and protective - factors. Rigorous theories and models take into account cultural, contextual, and personal variables, including the roles of family identity, school, and neighborhood, and motivation toward health awareness (with attention paid to less frequently studied phenomena such as within-group inequalities and the Hispanic Health Paradox). Contributors approach their subjects with realism as well as optimism as the book: povides reliable information on the scope and etiology of health disparities, identifies the methodological and political challenges associated with this issue, proposes comprehensive, integrative models for understanding disparities, features examples of innovative programs for improving minority health, includes an in-depth chapter on substance use and mental health among Native American youth, offers a useful starting point for the exchange of ideas necessary to address health disparities. A provocative resource on a pressing social concern, "Health Disparities in Youth and Families" is necessary reading for health policy researchers, health care providers, and others dedicated to better health outcomes for all Americans.